Tenuipalpus uvae (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and Calophya spondiadis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), pests of Spondias in Florida, USA
Abstract
Two main pests were found attacking purple mombin or Spanish plum, Spondias purpurea (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in Homestead, Florida, USA: Tenuipalpus uvae De Leon (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), a flat mite damaging the leaves, and the spondias psyllid, Calophya spondiadis Burkhardt & Mendez (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) feeding on the flowers, fruitlets, and tender expanding leaves. Tenuipalpus uvae populations are composed principally of females. Female longevity was 13.1 ± 2.0 d and unmated females oviposited 5.0 ± 1.0 eggs in their lifetime. On average, eclosure time for eggs from laboratory-reared unmated females was 10.2 ± 0.1 d, and developmental times for the larva, protonymph, and deutonymph were 6.6 ± 0.4 d, 5.7 ± 0.2 d, and 6.8 ± 0.7 d, respectively. In a survey of S. purpurea leaflets, the upper surface had a significantly higher number of nymph and adult mites (6.43 ± 0.60) than the lower surface (2.29 ± 0.35). Calophya spondiadis laid their eggs on flowers at first, because these were the first to sprout in Jan, and they were heavily infested by the end of Mar with an average of 10.9 ± 1.5 eggs and 9.6 ± 1.1 nymphs per flower. Few eggs or nymphs (0.17 ± 0.17 and 0.08 ± 0.08, respectively) were found per fruit; nonetheless, the fruit did have multiple punctures or necrotic spots (16.7 ± 4.3 per fruit), likely acquired as nymphs fed on the flowers and their ovaries. Significantly more eggs were found on the upper surface of the leaves and the petiole portion adjacent to each leaflet than the underside of the leaves, and most nymphs migrated to the undersides. The feeding damage resulted in black, necrotic spots that became brown pits as the leaves matured and hardened.
Sumario
Se encontraron dos plagas atacando ciruela purpura, jocote o mombin purpura, Spondias purpurea (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) en Homestead, Florida, USA. El ácaro plano Tenuipalpus uvae De Leon (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) se encontrol alimentándose en las hojas y el psilido Calophya spondiadis Burkhardt & Mendes (Hemíptera: Psyllidae) en flores, frutillas y hojas tiernas poco desarrolladas. Las poblaciones de T. uvae estuvieron compuestas primordialmente de hembras. La longevidad de las hembras fue de 13.1 ± 2.0 días, y hembras vírgenes depositaron 5.0 ± 1.0 huevos durante su estado adulto. En promedio, el tiempo de eclosión de huevos fue de 10.2 ± 0.1 días, el desarrollo de la larva fue de 6.6 ± 0.4 días, 5.7 ± 0.2 días para la protoninfa y 6.8 ± 0.7 días para la deutoninfa. En un muestreo se encontró que el haz de las hojas secundarias de S. purpurea tenía un número significantemente mayor de ninfas y adultos (6.43 ± 0.6) comparado con el el envés de estas (2.29 ± 0.35). Calophya spondiadis deposita sus huevos en las flores que aparecen por vez primera en Enero, observándose un pico de infestación a finales de Marzo, con un promedio de 10.9 ± 1.5 huevos y 9.6 ± 1.1 ninfas por flor. Se encontró pocos huevos y ninfas (0.7 ± 0.17 y 0.08 + 0.08, respectivamente) en frutos. Los frutos presentan manchas necróticas (16.7 ± 4.3) (16.7 ± 4.3 por fruto), que parecen ser el resultado de la alimentación del psilido cuando estos atacan el ovario floral. Un número significantemente mayor de huevos fue encontrado en el haz y peciolo de las hojas secundarias comparado con un número menor observado en el envés. La mayoría de las ninfas fueron observadas en el envés. El resultado de la alimentación del psilido en las hojuelas se manifiesta como manchas negras, las cuales al paso del tiempo y cuando las hojas están maduras, se convierten en depresiones cóncavas de color marrón.
Key Words: spondias psyllid; flat mite; purple mombin; Spanish plum
View this article in BioOne
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright for any article published in Florida Entomologist is held by the author(s) of the article. Florida Entomologist is an open access journal. Florida Entomologist follows terms of the Creative Commons, Attribution Non-Commercial License (cc by-nc). By submitting and publishing articles in Florida Entomologist, authors grant the FOJ and Florida Entomologist's host institutions permission to make the article available through Internet posting and electronic dissemination, and to otherwise archive the information contained both electronically and in a hard printed version. When used, information and images obtained from articles must be referenced and cited appropriately. Articles may be reproduced for personal, educational, or archival purposes, or any non-commercial use. Permission should be sought from the author(s) for multiple, non-commercial reproduction. Written permission from the author(s) is required for any commercial reproduction.